Several very strange phenomena have occurred over the past year which have been interpreted as the results of tests on the Earth Protective Shield being carried out in preparation for a cyclically large Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) event believed to be taking place between May 20 and June 6 2012. This date coincides with the end of the Mayan Calendar and many people have come to believe that the recent activity in the arrival of extraordinarily complex crop circles are a message to humanity about the work that is being done by our Alien forefathers to protect the Earth from this potentially catastrophic event. This is not the first time they have done this but according to the messages they have been leaving in the crop circles the next one will coincide with a reduced natural occurring magnetosphere due to the angle of the poles at this juncture. Hence they are preparing an extra powerful EPS to make sure we are protected from the coming events. Of course like all engineers they are no doubt factoring in redundancy and also backup systems which is something the Hereditary elite here on Earth need to understand. In addition they will be testing the system and technology to make sure it is correctly built, running efficiently and able to handle the kind of energy that is going to be directed at it by the Sun.

While the claims are controversial and challenging they are also backed by years of research and thousands of years of documented writings, drawings, construction and artwork on small and large scales. The earliest known references are potentially the spiral petroglyphs found around the world and the ancient Sumerians who predate the Egyptians also had many references to this Alien Race who potentially created the Human race through scientific and genetic engineering. There are references to Flying Space men in the artwork of many of the ancient cultures. The Mayan art and Inca Lines have been speculated on for many years. The Ancient Sanskrit Vedas has whole sections of scholarly text devoted to the description of the Flying Space men and even describe air battles happening in the past.

The good news is that if all this turns out to be true we can feel confident that they are working on our behalf which also suggests they see value in keeping us alive. Contrary to what the Mass media would like us to believe about an Alien race of late. That we should be scared of their existence and try not to let them know we are here. Clearly if we have the ability to find planets in other solar systems and monitor space then Alien races with many thousands of years head start on us are going to have much more detailed information about the universe and the technology and scientific understanding to enabled them to surpass us in every way including in compassion, tolerance and it would seem patience for our inability to create a society that gives everyone a chance and not just the elite minority.

Tags: Aliens, Circuits, e=mc2 by Sparky
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We can’t avert the biggest ecological disaster that has ever happened but it is possible to stop it from getting worse by fixing it at the source.

Due to the shear volume of Methane Hydrate that is being forced to the surface since the idiots working on the Horizon Oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico dug into it causing it to explode in a misguided attempt to encourage the oil above it out of the ground without having to use more energy that it could provide in the process of getting it out and allowing them to make a substantial profit from the vast amounts of oil that they were attempting to collect we are seeing a gradual collapse of the Gulf seabed and the likelihood of a massive volcanic eruption causing high loss of life along the gulf coast is now very high.

The only real solution to avert further environmental damage is to nuke the area and fuse the earths crust and all the cracks, faults and fissures that have been created by the pressure of the Methane Hydrate being forced to the surface. There is a lot of talk of it on the net but not much understanding of what really needs to happen. In essence the confusing reports are confusing the situation further and giving support to the idea that things should be handled slowly in case the massive amounts of oil stored below the gulf are completely destroyed.

Here’s a breakdown of what needs to be done.

1: The size of the oil field that is being forced to the surface needs to be determined. Independant experts estimate it to be approx 40 – 50 km in diameter. This will allow nuclear experts to create the right size payload to cover the entire area.

2: Multiple wells need to be drilled into the earth positioned a reasonable distance from the oil field taking into consideration the existing fault lines and new cracks that have been created in the intermediate layers above the oil field to allow the nukes to be positioned in such a way as to fuse a layer of the earth covering the entire field after they are exploded.

Tags: e=mc2, oil by Sparky
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The scale of the damage done in the gulf of Mexico disaster is unprecedented. Here’s an overview of what has gone wrong deep underground.

Firstly there are many independently documented and recorded oil fissures erupting in other locations away from the well head. The entire affected area is in vicinity of 400 square kilometers. The measurements that are being made on the pressure inside the well are redundant as the actual pressure is being dissipated across a much larger area.

With the Methane Hydrate feeding into the rock layers, cracks open and pressure makes it’s way to the surface, with more pressure building up in the intermediate rock layers there are a couple of possibilities for the pressure to be released.

1: Cracks develop spewing pressure and oil to equalize the area
2: A massive volcanic explosion

In much the same way that a bridge will collapse or an avalanche will build until it is out of control this is what is happening now in the Gulf. The pressure exterting outwards and will eventually find relief upwards. The odds are high it will blow like a volcano.

Seismic data for the area contains all the latest info on p waves and s waves however it is not being publicly released for independent analysis. This data provides everything we need to solve for the modulus of elasticity to enable us to calculate how strong the pressure is.

The questions we should be asking are:

Where is the geophysical data for independant analysis?
How bad is it really?

This data should be public record as it will require a massive evacuation of the area before it blows.

Methane Hydrate is highly unstable super compressed Methane Gas in solid form. Just like Gun powder.

The Pressure Zone is building up under the seabed above the Methane Hydrate deposit and the oil field.

Tags: Energy Storage, Fundamentals, e=mc2, oil by Sparky
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There are a couple of labs being funded to work on the possibility of using sunlight to transform water and CO2 into a combustible fuel with equivalent stored energy to existing carbon based fuel. An article in the daily telegraph attempts to portray it as a serious potential option for ensuring future energy demands are met. What they don’t tell us is the math behind the technology. It does sound like a viable solution and with the labs working on the problem maybe they will solve the issues holding it back before we actually run out of oil and our real problems really start. The main question is if they can extract enough CO2 from the surrounding environment to get back the potential energy that will make it an equivalent in energy storage to existing fuels. It’s definitely possible to make combustible fuel with this technique but will it really scale to meet the requirements that we have for the global energy supply over the coming 10 years let alone the following decade once the existing fuel supply we can extract energy positively has been exhausted?

Solar-powered reactors can take carbon dioxide and turn it into carbon monoxide. The same reactors can also be used to turn water into hydrogen and oxygen.

The two can then be reacted together with a catalyst to form hydrocarbon fuels, in a technique known as the Fischer-Tropsch process.

Fuels made in this way are sufficiently similar to those currently used in cars that major redesigns of engines and refuelling stations should not be necessary. If fuels can be made entirely from atmospheric carbon, running a car on that fuel would be carbon neutral.
One such machine, the Counter Rotating Ring Receiver Reactor Recuperator (CR5), created by a team of scientists at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico, captures carbon dioxide from power plant exhaust fumes. In the future, however, they hope to extract it directly from the air.

The system uses a giant parabolic mirror, which concentrates sunlight on to two chambers separated by spinning rings of cerium oxide. As the rings turn, the cerium oxide is heated to 1500C and releases oxygen into one of the chambers. The oxygen is then pumped away.
As the ring spins, the now de-oxidised cerium moves into the other chamber. Carbon dioxide is pumped in, and the deoxidised cerium steals one of the oxygen molecules, creating carbon monoxide and cerium oxide.

Another team, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, uses a similar system, but with calcium oxide, zinc oxide and steam, which can create a stream of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Their system can already use atmospheric carbon dioxide.

At the moment the two reactors have problems. The New Mexico team’s system currently only works for a few seconds at a time, while the Swiss model runs at a mere 10 kilowatts. But both hope to improve reliability and yield.

Tags: Energy Storage, Fuel, e=mc2 by Sparky
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Background

The Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho) is the layer of the earths core that is directly underneath the earths crust. It is technically a liquid mass that has no S-waves which is a primary characteristic of liquid. Another aspect of the Moho is that, due to the pressure at that location, the P-waves measure between 7 – 8 Km/s. Between the Moho and the Earths crust there are pockets of Methane Hydrate which although in gaseous form due to the pressure at that location display the characteristics of a solid mass.

If you have a highly pressurized gas and you stick a tube into it connected to a less pressurized gas/liquid the inherent balance in nature will cause the highly pressurized gas to escape at high velocity into the less pressurized gas/liquid. This is essentially what is happening in the Gulf of Mexico oil spill with the addition of a layer of oil between the gas and the final outlet of the tube.

Players

The brain dead, greedy, economists who run BP and Halliburton were attempting to use the pressure from the Methane Hydrate located underneath the oil field to turbo charge the remaining oil out of the holes they drilled in order to minimize the expense of getting it out of the ground. If they did not use this approach it would have been more energy expensive to extract the oil than the energy the oil would have provided. Hence the reason why none of the other US companies were prepared to do it and were even winding up their operations in that part of the world as they could not find a safe way to extract the oil while staying energy positive in the process. No scientific experts who understood the physics of what was being asked of them were prepared to take part in the process which is why there is now so little knowledge of the situation being applied by the people working on ground zero as they are not knowledgeable enough to know what they are actually up against. There may be some good people working there right now doing their best to try to fix this problem but they are definitely not from the small, worldwide community of geophysics experts.

Result

The result is that we now have the worst man made ecological disaster in known history. The oil being pumped out of the volcanic rupture in the earths crust has been estimated at 1,000,000 barrels per day by independent experts. There is also an unmeasured, phenomenally large amount of methane gas which has been pushed out of the fissure. The Gulf of Mexico is the spawning ground for most of the Atlantic fish stocks. They have now been wiped out. That will have a knock on affect for the rest of the Atlantic fish supply and therefore a substantial amount of the worlds food supply. After all when the guys with the nukes tell us to give them our food we can hardly say no can we? In addition there is now massive amounts of toxic chemicals being evaporated by the natural weather cycles, carried on the winds and which is coming back down as rain and pollution on the agricultural lands normally feed by the sea air and currents of the Eastern US seaboard. There is benzine rain coming out of the sky. Benzine is highly toxic in ppm to humans and people are already dying from exposure. That is also affecting the grain supply along the coastal and inner eastern areas.

Finally there is a massive amount of volcanic activity going on way below the surface due to the sudden increase in pressure in the gulf area. This is manifesting itself in places like Guatemala, Ecuador, Missouri, and San Andreas. The longer the leak is left unplugged the more damage that is going to be done to the ecosystem and agriculture. The potential for massive loss of life in the region due to volcanic and seismic activity is unthinkable.

Solution

We are experiencing the worst possible situation. There is no good solution for the problem that is at hand there are only lesser forms of catastrophic loss to come. The longer they wait the worse things will get. The only known solution for plugging the hole is to nuke the area and fuse the earths crust with the resulting heat. The Russian have been saying this from day one as they have experienced this problem at least 5 times. However due to the political power structure in the States and the greed of the regional authorities they have persisted with this charade that they know what they are doing. In reality they have fired, killed or otherwise got rid of everyone in the industry who knew anything about the science of the resources they were dealing with in order to get the information they wanted to hear to allow them to justify the decisions that were made to get them to this point.

Future

The political fallout from this mess is sure to be enormous. This could well be the final nail in the coffin for the “United States” of America in much the same way that the end of the cold war was the end of the USSR. Tony Haywood and his family are marked and will no doubt be taken out within short order if not just to prove a point to anyone of the Hereditary Elite who might think they can get away with this kind of behavior in the future. The shear volume of oil will probably make it all the way across the Atlantic and end up in places like Ireland once it has traveled through the gulf stream and devastated what is left of the Atlantic fisheries. When they do eventually fuse the crust with a nuclear explosion the simple fact they have waited so long to do it will mean the nuclear explosion will set of a chain reaction in the mantle that will have a massively devastating effect on the whole region.

Tags: Fuel, e=mc2 by Sparky
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The question comes to mind of how much energy is stored in water if we are going to use it as a fuel. Looking around there are conflicting amounts provided on the internet.

A litre of water contains the equivalent of 1366 litres of hydrogen – which provides the same energy as 0.4 litres of petrol.

2H20 –> 2H2 + 02
Mr of H20 = 18
No. of moles of H20 = 1000/18 = 55.66666
No. of moles of H2 produced = 55.66666
At room temperature and pressure, the amount of H2 (hydrogen) produced: 55.66666 x 24 = 1333.33 dm^3 where 1 dm^3 is 1 litre of gas = 1000 m^3 of gas

1 liter of water contains (approx) 55.56 moles of water, so 111.11 moles of hydrogen.

Using the ideal gas equation, PV=nRT at 1 atmosphere (sealevel), and room temperature (22C, 295K)

V = 111.11 * 0.08205784 * 295 / 1

Gives 2689.7 liters of hydrogen.

The amount of hydrogen extracted from a gallon of water can be found very easily using the molecular weight of H20 (water), Hydrogen and Oxygen, along with mass conservation. the molecular weight of water is 2 H (molecular weight 1) + 1 Oxygen (Molecular weight 16) for a total of 18. And for every Molecule of water converted, we would get 2 Molecules of Hydrogen.

So, now the question is, how many molecules of water are there in a gallon of water? The density of water is 1g/(cm3) so in 1 gallon of water ( about 3.785 Liters or 3785 cm3) the mass of the water is, 3785g. 1 mole of 6.02×1023 molecules of water is equal has the mass in grams equal to the molecular weight or 18 grams per mole. so 3785 grams corresponds to about 1.265 x 1026 molecules of water.

Now, if every single one of those molecules were converted into Hydrogen we would get twice as much hydrogen as we had of water. or 2.53 x 1026 molecules of hydrogen. however since hydrogen is a diatomic molecule, meaning that the hydrogen that we talk about is H2, we would get 1.265 x 1026 molecules of hydrogen. at 1 atmospheric pressure and 273K, 1 mole of hydrogen fills approximately 22.4L of volume. so 1.265 x 1026 molecules or about 210 moles, would fill 4707 Liters of volume.

It is known that a gram atom is equal to atomic mass of substance; a gram molecule is equal to molecular mass of substance. For example, the gram molecule of hydrogen in the water molecule is equal to two grams; the gram-atom of the oxygen atom is 16 grams. The gram molecule of water is equal to 18 grams. Hydrogen mass in a water molecule is 2 x 100 / 18 = 11.11%; oxygen mass is 16 x 100 / 18 = 88.89 %; this ratio of hydrogen and oxygen is in one liter of water. It means that 111.11 grams of hydrogen and 888.89 grams of oxygen are in 1000 grams of water.

One liter of hydrogen weighs 0.09 g; one liter of oxygen weighs 1.47 g. It means that it is possible to produce 111.11 / 0.09 = 1234.44 liters of hydrogen and 888.89 / 1.47 = 604.69 liters of oxygen from one liter of water. It appears from this that one gram of water contains 1.23 liters of hydrogen. Energy consumption for production of 1000 liters of hydrogen is 4 kWh and for one liter 4 Wh. As it is possible to produce 1.234 liters of hydrogen from one gram of water, 1.234 x 4 = 4.94 Wh is spent for hydrogen production from one gram of water now.

If you mean hydrogen gas, H2, just naturally present in the water, then essentially none.

If you mean how much hydrogen gas could be generated by the electrolysis of 1 gallon of water, that is a stoichiometry problem. The balanced reaction is:
2H2O –> 2H2 + O2
The mass of 1 gallon of water is 3.7854 kilograms, which is 210.3 moles of H2O. From the stoichiometry, there is a 1 to 1 (2 to 2) ratio of water to hydrogen produced, and so 210.3 moles of H2 will be produced. 210.3 moles of H2 weighs 420.6 grams, or just under one pound.

If you mean hydrogen ions, H+, then it depends on the pH of the water. In perfectly pure, neutral water with pH of 7, then the concentration of H+ is 10-7 moles per liter. In one gallon, there are 3.7854 liters. So in one gallon of pure water, there are 3.7854 * 10-7 moles of H+.

Gasoline has around 44 MegaJoules/kg
H2 has around 121 MJ/kg

So, H2 has 2.75x the energy per weight of gasoline

So, if you assume 20 mpg now @ 60 mph, you burn 3 gallons per hr, which is 0.05 gal/min. Gas is about 4 kgs/gal so you burn 0.2 kg/min. Using the energy density difference (2.75) you get 0.073kg of H2 per min. Assuming room pressure and ideal gas law (sadly H2 is not an ideal gas but lets use it anway, i’m lazy) you get 22.7 liters of gas per 2 g of hydrogen. So, after that bunch of math you get 825 liters/min of uncompressed gas.

This amount of gas would be difficult to store, at 2500 psi this is the equalent of 1 gallon of volume, so it would take a big, heavy tank to hold something useful

The other issue with using hydrogen is how to make it in real quantities. The best available methods right now are electrolosis which uses

Theoretically it takes 32.9 kWh/kg of H2 produced

Typical electric costs in the US are $0.15/kwk so it would cost $4.94 per KG to make it using a large commercial system

An actual system is never this efficient, even big systems are 60 kwh per kg, so I’d double that number.

Tags: Fundamentals, e=mc2 by Sparky
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Interesting write up on the limitations of energy storage technology when harnessing energy from renewable sources like wind, solar, tidal.

Let’s start with batteries. Today’s lead acid batteries can store about 0.1 mega-joules per kilogram, or about 500 times less than crude oil. Those batteries, of course, could be improved, but any battery based on the standard lead-oxide/sulfuric acid chemistry is limited by foundational thermodynamics to less than 0.7 mega-joules per kilogram.

Due to the theoretical limits of lead-acid batteries, there has been serious work on other approaches such as lithium-ion batteries, which usually involve the oxidation and reduction of carbon and a transition metal such as cobalt. These batteries have already improved upon the energy density of lead-acid batteries by a factor of about 6 to around 0.5 mega-joules per kilogram–a great improvement. But as currently designed, they have a theoretical energy density limit of about 2 mega-joules per kilogram. And if research regarding the substitution of silicon for carbon in the anodes is realized in a practical way, then the theoretical limit on lithium-ion batteries might break 3 mega-joules per kilogram. Therefore, the maximum theoretical potential of advanced lithium-ion batteries that haven’t been demonstrated to work yet is still only about 6 percent of crude oil!

But what about some ultra-advanced lithium battery that uses lighter elements than cobalt and carbon? Without considering the practicality of building such a battery, we can look at the periodic table and pick out the lightest elements with multiple oxidations states that do form compounds. This thought experiment turns up compounds of hydrogen-scandium. Assuming that we could actually make such a battery, its theoretical limit would be around 5 mega-joules per kilogram.

So the best batteries are currently getting 10 percent of a physical upper bound and 25 percent of a demonstrated bound. And given other required materials such as electrolytes, separators, current collectors, and packaging, we’re unlikely to improve the energy density by more than about a factor of 2 within about 20 years. This means hydrocarbons–including both fossil carbon and biofuels–are still a factor of 10 better than the physical upper bound, and they’re likely to be 25 times better than lithium batteries will ever be.

A more promising approach is to use fuel cells with liquid and gaseous fuels. The two obvious choices for such fuels are hydrogen and hydrocarbons; in terms of energy per unit mass, hydrogen beats crude oil and natural gas by a factor of almost 3. Alas, hydrogen is a gas at surface conditions, so its volume density is horrible unless it’s compressed to several hundred atmospheres of pressure. At 700 bars, for example, hydrogen has an energy-volume density of around 6 mega-joules per liter, while gasoline at 1 bar has about 34 mega-joules per liter. Both hydrogen and hydro-carbons can be produced from renewable energy sources, though doing so economically and at a global scale remains a challenge.

Tags: Fundamentals, e=mc2 by Sparky
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Here’s an write up from a Stanford University Professor of Computer science about the various uses and drawbacks for hydrogen as a fuel. Seems not much has changed since he started writing the page in 1996. Has useful data about the power available in hydrogen.

Hydrogen is the lightest of the elements with an atomic weight of 1.0. Liquid hydrogen has a density of 0.07 grams per cubic centimeter, whereas water has a density of 1.0 g/cc and gasoline about 0.75 g/cc. These facts give hydrogen both advantages and disadvantages. The advantage is that it stores approximately 2.6 times the energy per unit mass as gasoline, and the disadvantage is that it needs about 4 times the volume for a given amount of energy. A 15 gallon automobile gasoline tank contains 90 pounds of gasoline. The corresponding hydrogen tank would be 60 gallons, but the hydrogen would weigh only 34 pounds.

In terms of energy contained, 9.5 kg of hydrogen is equivalent to 25kg of gasoline ( Peschka 1987). Storing 25 kg of gasoline requires a tank with a mass of 17 kg, whereas the storage of 9.5 kg of hydrogen requires 55kg, (Peschka 1987). Part of the reason for this difference is that the volume of hydrogen fuel is about 4 times greater for the same energy content of gasoline. Although the hydrogen storage vessel is large, hydrogen burns 1.33 times more efficiently than gasoline in automobiles ( Bockris and Wass 1988). In tests a BMW 745h liquid-hydrogen test vehicle with a 75 kg tank and the energy equivalent of 40 liters of gasoline had a cruising range in traffic of 400 km, or a fuel efficiency of 10 km per liter ( Winter 1986).

Tags: Fuel, e=mc2 by Sparky
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What ever happened to the Arvin Meritor Plasma Fuel reformer? It was billed as the revolution to help meet 2010 emission standards. Now it seem to be almost completely shelved if you look around the internet.

Press Release 2004

This product has all the promise of the plasma spark plug but with the backing of a large well respected automotive parts manufacturer and MIT science too boot.

Initial development of a Plasma Fuel Reformer required as much as 2,000 watts of electrical energy to operate. A measure of the progress is that today’s unit uses an average of less than 100 watts. Full production systems are likely to be even lower. Early systems took many seconds to produce hydrogen from cold exhaust, an important disadvantage in real-world use, as emissions are highest at this time. The latest versions are running in less than a second. And the first prototypes only produced hydrogen at just one flow rate. Today’s prototypes manage transient or varying flow demands equally well.

Almost the same principal as the plasma spark plug concept really. Strange that this hasn’t made it to market yet. You would think people would be very interested in having it on board to cut emissions and save on consumption.

The Plasma Fuel Reformer stems from work done by and licensed from MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center . Seven years in development, the Plasma Fuel Reformer — or Plasmatron as MIT called it — could have an enormous impact on emissions and fuel efficiency. From MIT in 2003:

The team is finding that the device could make vehicles cleaner and more efficient, with a potentially significant impact on oil consumption.

“If widespread use of plasmatron hydrogen-enhanced gasoline engines could eventually increase the average efficiency of cars and other light-duty vehicles by 20 percent, the amount of gasoline that could be saved would be around 25 billion gallons a year,” [Daniel] Cohn [one of the leaders of the team and head of the Plasma Technology Division at MIT’s PSFC] said. “That corresponds to around 70 percent of the oil that is currently imported by the United States from the Middle East.”

The Bush administration has made development of a hydrogen-powered vehicle a priority, [John] Heywood [John Heywood, director of MIT’s Sloan Automotive Lab] noted. “That’s an important goal, as it could lead to more efficient, cleaner vehicles, but is it the only way to get there? Engines using plasmatron reformer technology could have a comparable impact, but in a much shorter time frame,” he said.

The work was funded by the Department of Energy’s FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program and by ArvinMeritor.

MIT PRESS RELEASE – from 2003!!!

The researchers and colleagues from industry report that the plasmatron, used with an exhaust treatment catalyst on a diesel engine bus, removed up to 90 percent of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the bus’s emissions. Nitrogen oxides are the primary components of smog.

The plasmatron reformer also cut in half the amount of fuel needed for the removal process. “The absorption catalyst approach under consideration for diesel exhaust NOx removal requires additional fuel to work,” explained Daniel R. Cohn, one of the leaders of the team and head of the Plasma Technology Division at MIT’s Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC). “The plasmatron reformer reduced that amount of fuel by a factor of two compared to a system without the plasmatron.”

Tags: Components, Engine, Fuel, e=mc2 by Sparky
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Scientists have measured the speed the hydrogen atoms switch bonds with oxygen in liquid water at 160 billion times per second.

You need Flash installed to watch this ideo

See the molecular dance of water animated in this simulation by Stockholm University chemical physicist Michael Odelius (Time: 1:00). (Video by Brad Plummer and Kelen Tuttle; simulation courtesy Michael Odelius.)

Tags: Fundamentals, e=mc2 by Sparky
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