The scale of the damage done in the gulf of Mexico disaster is unprecedented. Here’s an overview of what has gone wrong deep underground.

Firstly there are many independently documented and recorded oil fissures erupting in other locations away from the well head. The entire affected area is in vicinity of 400 square kilometers. The measurements that are being made on the pressure inside the well are redundant as the actual pressure is being dissipated across a much larger area.

With the Methane Hydrate feeding into the rock layers, cracks open and pressure makes it’s way to the surface, with more pressure building up in the intermediate rock layers there are a couple of possibilities for the pressure to be released.

1: Cracks develop spewing pressure and oil to equalize the area
2: A massive volcanic explosion

In much the same way that a bridge will collapse or an avalanche will build until it is out of control this is what is happening now in the Gulf. The pressure exterting outwards and will eventually find relief upwards. The odds are high it will blow like a volcano.

Seismic data for the area contains all the latest info on p waves and s waves however it is not being publicly released for independent analysis. This data provides everything we need to solve for the modulus of elasticity to enable us to calculate how strong the pressure is.

The questions we should be asking are:

Where is the geophysical data for independant analysis?
How bad is it really?

This data should be public record as it will require a massive evacuation of the area before it blows.

Methane Hydrate is highly unstable super compressed Methane Gas in solid form. Just like Gun powder.

This page has a biased and jaded overview of the potential for water as a fuel in automobiles and a general overview of some of the more contentious claims that have been made for powering cars on water. Clearly the writer is not impressed with the numerous claims made over the years for cars that run on water or use water as a storage medium for Hydrogen or Browns gas.

However the writer also fails to mention the plasma spark plug, the Geet Plantone fuel system allowing leaned out ratios of 80:20 water:gasoline, the Firestorm sparkplug from Robert Kruiper, the Plasmatron from MIT, ArvinMeritor’s Plasma Fuel Reformer, the potential in using Al-Ga composite from Jerry Woodal at Purdue, solar hydrogen electrolysis and photosynthesis using silica catalysts from MIT or even a general overview of the actual energy potential available in a liter of water in real world numbers and not just abstract (for most readers) chemical algorithms.

Even though there is an indisputable energy loss in freeing hydrogen from it’s watery prison that does not mean it is not possible to use it as a fuel source. The question is how inefficient are we prepared to be when it comes to transportation and energy supply and are there other ways to coax hydrogen out from it’s watery orgy so that we can also use it as an energy source.

Water is fully oxidized hydrogen. Hydrogen itself is a high-energy, flammable substance, but its useful energy is released when water is formed–water will not burn. The process of electrolysis, discussed below, would split water into hydrogen and oxygen, but it takes as much energy to take apart a water molecule as was released when the hydrogen was oxidized to form water. In fact, some energy would be lost in converting water to hydrogen and then burning the hydrogen because some heat would always be produced in the conversions. Releasing chemical energy from water would therefore violate the first and/or second laws of thermodynamics.

Tags: Chronology, Fuel, Fundamentals by Sparky
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This has been known about since 1967 but still has not made it to market. Purdue University Professor Jerry Woodal has found a way to use Aluminium and Gallium to split water. No electricity needed!!! Well, except for the energy required to extract the metals from the earth and form them into the composite in the first place… Jerry is most excited about the possibility of using it as a fuel multiplier so in conjunction with a plasma spark plug or plasma fuel reformer the hydrogen could be used to increase the efficiency of the gasoline used in hybrid or standard ICE cars. What’s the delay?

View the lectures below.

THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ALUMINUM-GALLIUM ALLOYS AS A MATERIAL FOR ENERGY STORAGE, TRANSPORT AND SPLITTING WATER

THE ALUMINUM ENABLING HYDROGEN FUEL ECONOMY

From 2007 lecture

2,7lbs of Al will produce the same amount of energy in the form of hydrogen as 1lb of gasoline. i.e 19K BTU

It takes 20 gal x 6.5 lbs/gal = 130 lbs gasoline to drive an average car for 350 mi or 350 lbs Al

At $3/gal for gasoline and $0.8/lb for Al the trip costs $60 using gasoline and $280 using Al

If an Al recycler is built next to a nuclear power plant with and on-site power cost of $0.02/KW-hour Al can be recycled from alumina back to Al for 9 kW/hr/lb x 350lbs x $0.02/kW-hr = $63

The cost of 2.7 lbs would be about 49 cents

At $3/gallon, 1lb of gasoline costs 46 cents

Tags: Engine, Fuel, Fundamentals by Sparky
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The question comes to mind of how much energy is stored in water if we are going to use it as a fuel. Looking around there are conflicting amounts provided on the internet.

A litre of water contains the equivalent of 1366 litres of hydrogen – which provides the same energy as 0.4 litres of petrol.

2H20 –> 2H2 + 02
Mr of H20 = 18
No. of moles of H20 = 1000/18 = 55.66666
No. of moles of H2 produced = 55.66666
At room temperature and pressure, the amount of H2 (hydrogen) produced: 55.66666 x 24 = 1333.33 dm^3 where 1 dm^3 is 1 litre of gas = 1000 m^3 of gas

1 liter of water contains (approx) 55.56 moles of water, so 111.11 moles of hydrogen.

Using the ideal gas equation, PV=nRT at 1 atmosphere (sealevel), and room temperature (22C, 295K)

V = 111.11 * 0.08205784 * 295 / 1

Gives 2689.7 liters of hydrogen.

The amount of hydrogen extracted from a gallon of water can be found very easily using the molecular weight of H20 (water), Hydrogen and Oxygen, along with mass conservation. the molecular weight of water is 2 H (molecular weight 1) + 1 Oxygen (Molecular weight 16) for a total of 18. And for every Molecule of water converted, we would get 2 Molecules of Hydrogen.

So, now the question is, how many molecules of water are there in a gallon of water? The density of water is 1g/(cm3) so in 1 gallon of water ( about 3.785 Liters or 3785 cm3) the mass of the water is, 3785g. 1 mole of 6.02×1023 molecules of water is equal has the mass in grams equal to the molecular weight or 18 grams per mole. so 3785 grams corresponds to about 1.265 x 1026 molecules of water.

Now, if every single one of those molecules were converted into Hydrogen we would get twice as much hydrogen as we had of water. or 2.53 x 1026 molecules of hydrogen. however since hydrogen is a diatomic molecule, meaning that the hydrogen that we talk about is H2, we would get 1.265 x 1026 molecules of hydrogen. at 1 atmospheric pressure and 273K, 1 mole of hydrogen fills approximately 22.4L of volume. so 1.265 x 1026 molecules or about 210 moles, would fill 4707 Liters of volume.

It is known that a gram atom is equal to atomic mass of substance; a gram molecule is equal to molecular mass of substance. For example, the gram molecule of hydrogen in the water molecule is equal to two grams; the gram-atom of the oxygen atom is 16 grams. The gram molecule of water is equal to 18 grams. Hydrogen mass in a water molecule is 2 x 100 / 18 = 11.11%; oxygen mass is 16 x 100 / 18 = 88.89 %; this ratio of hydrogen and oxygen is in one liter of water. It means that 111.11 grams of hydrogen and 888.89 grams of oxygen are in 1000 grams of water.

One liter of hydrogen weighs 0.09 g; one liter of oxygen weighs 1.47 g. It means that it is possible to produce 111.11 / 0.09 = 1234.44 liters of hydrogen and 888.89 / 1.47 = 604.69 liters of oxygen from one liter of water. It appears from this that one gram of water contains 1.23 liters of hydrogen. Energy consumption for production of 1000 liters of hydrogen is 4 kWh and for one liter 4 Wh. As it is possible to produce 1.234 liters of hydrogen from one gram of water, 1.234 x 4 = 4.94 Wh is spent for hydrogen production from one gram of water now.

If you mean hydrogen gas, H2, just naturally present in the water, then essentially none.

If you mean how much hydrogen gas could be generated by the electrolysis of 1 gallon of water, that is a stoichiometry problem. The balanced reaction is:
2H2O –> 2H2 + O2
The mass of 1 gallon of water is 3.7854 kilograms, which is 210.3 moles of H2O. From the stoichiometry, there is a 1 to 1 (2 to 2) ratio of water to hydrogen produced, and so 210.3 moles of H2 will be produced. 210.3 moles of H2 weighs 420.6 grams, or just under one pound.

If you mean hydrogen ions, H+, then it depends on the pH of the water. In perfectly pure, neutral water with pH of 7, then the concentration of H+ is 10-7 moles per liter. In one gallon, there are 3.7854 liters. So in one gallon of pure water, there are 3.7854 * 10-7 moles of H+.

Gasoline has around 44 MegaJoules/kg
H2 has around 121 MJ/kg

So, H2 has 2.75x the energy per weight of gasoline

So, if you assume 20 mpg now @ 60 mph, you burn 3 gallons per hr, which is 0.05 gal/min. Gas is about 4 kgs/gal so you burn 0.2 kg/min. Using the energy density difference (2.75) you get 0.073kg of H2 per min. Assuming room pressure and ideal gas law (sadly H2 is not an ideal gas but lets use it anway, i’m lazy) you get 22.7 liters of gas per 2 g of hydrogen. So, after that bunch of math you get 825 liters/min of uncompressed gas.

This amount of gas would be difficult to store, at 2500 psi this is the equalent of 1 gallon of volume, so it would take a big, heavy tank to hold something useful

The other issue with using hydrogen is how to make it in real quantities. The best available methods right now are electrolosis which uses

Theoretically it takes 32.9 kWh/kg of H2 produced

Typical electric costs in the US are $0.15/kwk so it would cost $4.94 per KG to make it using a large commercial system

An actual system is never this efficient, even big systems are 60 kwh per kg, so I’d double that number.

Tags: Fundamentals, e=mc2 by Sparky
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Interesting write up on the limitations of energy storage technology when harnessing energy from renewable sources like wind, solar, tidal.

Let’s start with batteries. Today’s lead acid batteries can store about 0.1 mega-joules per kilogram, or about 500 times less than crude oil. Those batteries, of course, could be improved, but any battery based on the standard lead-oxide/sulfuric acid chemistry is limited by foundational thermodynamics to less than 0.7 mega-joules per kilogram.

Due to the theoretical limits of lead-acid batteries, there has been serious work on other approaches such as lithium-ion batteries, which usually involve the oxidation and reduction of carbon and a transition metal such as cobalt. These batteries have already improved upon the energy density of lead-acid batteries by a factor of about 6 to around 0.5 mega-joules per kilogram–a great improvement. But as currently designed, they have a theoretical energy density limit of about 2 mega-joules per kilogram. And if research regarding the substitution of silicon for carbon in the anodes is realized in a practical way, then the theoretical limit on lithium-ion batteries might break 3 mega-joules per kilogram. Therefore, the maximum theoretical potential of advanced lithium-ion batteries that haven’t been demonstrated to work yet is still only about 6 percent of crude oil!

But what about some ultra-advanced lithium battery that uses lighter elements than cobalt and carbon? Without considering the practicality of building such a battery, we can look at the periodic table and pick out the lightest elements with multiple oxidations states that do form compounds. This thought experiment turns up compounds of hydrogen-scandium. Assuming that we could actually make such a battery, its theoretical limit would be around 5 mega-joules per kilogram.

So the best batteries are currently getting 10 percent of a physical upper bound and 25 percent of a demonstrated bound. And given other required materials such as electrolytes, separators, current collectors, and packaging, we’re unlikely to improve the energy density by more than about a factor of 2 within about 20 years. This means hydrocarbons–including both fossil carbon and biofuels–are still a factor of 10 better than the physical upper bound, and they’re likely to be 25 times better than lithium batteries will ever be.

A more promising approach is to use fuel cells with liquid and gaseous fuels. The two obvious choices for such fuels are hydrogen and hydrocarbons; in terms of energy per unit mass, hydrogen beats crude oil and natural gas by a factor of almost 3. Alas, hydrogen is a gas at surface conditions, so its volume density is horrible unless it’s compressed to several hundred atmospheres of pressure. At 700 bars, for example, hydrogen has an energy-volume density of around 6 mega-joules per liter, while gasoline at 1 bar has about 34 mega-joules per liter. Both hydrogen and hydro-carbons can be produced from renewable energy sources, though doing so economically and at a global scale remains a challenge.

Tags: Fundamentals, e=mc2 by Sparky
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Scientists have measured the speed the hydrogen atoms switch bonds with oxygen in liquid water at 160 billion times per second.

Tags: Fundamentals, e=mc2 by Sparky
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Barak Obama making Republicans feel uncomfortable. But really it’s a problem that American politicians and businesses have empowered since day one. He says the right things but America’s managers don’t want to force rapid change. Just look at the ipad for an example of the lack of motivation. It is Germany, China, India and Japan that are leading the way. America is not just second place it is lagging far behind.

Tags: Chronology, Fundamentals, Lex Scripta by Sparky
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Detailed step by step instructions on how to make a firestorm spark plug for personal use.

http://www.panaceauniversity.org/howtomakeplasmaplugs.pdf

Once again thanks to the guys at the Panacea for their hard work documenting the progress made so far.

Tags: Components, Fundamentals by Sparky
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http://www.worldwidescam.info/rattewater.htm

1. In 1805. the first internal comubustion engine ran on hydrogen from water.

2. In the 1920's, the model A Ford cars and trucks ran on 165 proof
ethanol, 17.5% water and 82.5% ethanol.

3. In WW II, our Mark 5 torpedoes ran on ethanol and water. A spray of
alcohol, a spray of water, and compressed air in a backetball sized
combustion chamber developed 350 brake horsepower. Enough power to drive
that 3,200 lb torpedo under water at over 50 mph. That is also enough
brake horsepower to drive an 18 wheel semi truck at 70 miles per hour down
the freeway today.

4. In WW II, the Japanese Zeros ran on ethanol that contained some oxygen
so that they could fly higher than our fighters at the beginning of the
war.

5. At the end of WW II, Hitler's war machine was running 50% on alcohol
from coal.

6. Currently, our space shuttle is powered by hydrogen and oxygen from water.

7. From 1981 to 1989, I worked with Herb Hansen, who had been an engineer
on a WW II submarine, and a former captain of a nuclear submarine. We
developed two prototypes cars, a Ford Pinto Station Wagon and a Mitsubishi
Sedan, that ran as well on 65 proof ethanol (2/3 water and 1/3 ethanol) as
they did on unleaded regular gas.

Herb died at a very convenient time for the Oil Cartel and the patents
were tied up in probate for at least 5 years. Two months after Herb's
convenient death, a team of SS (Secret Service) agents searched my home
office with a search warrant.

When I went to the Federal Court House to see an original copy of the
warrant, the clerk told me that the file had been sealed by the judge for
"National Security" interests.

8. In 1996, I met with Stan Meyer in Ohio and got a demostration of his
concept of hydrolyzing water into hydrogen and oxygen by using 12 volt
square wave DC current with the resonant frequencies of hydrogen and
oxygen. He produced hydrogen fuel with only 15% of the normal electrical
energy needed. He had 24 internation patents on his process. He had a VW
Dune Buggy that he powered with plain water.

In 1999, Stan Meyer died. His last words to his twin brother were, "I've
been poisoned."

On April 10, 2006, Stan's twin brother Steve appeared on WCCO TV Channel
4, a CBS affiliate, demonstrating an automobile engine running on plain
water. Steve now has 40 international patents on this process.

9. On Memorial Day, 2005, I met with Robert Krupa, an automotive engineer
who has developed the Firestorm Spark Plug. Robert tested them in his 300
hp Ford Thunderbird.

The optimal stochiometric air:fuel ratio for an interanl combustion gas
engine is 14.7:1. At an air:fuel raito of 30:1, Robert got a 40% increase
in horsepower, a 70% increase in gas mileage, and the virtual elimination
of all elements of pollution other than water and CO².

10. Robert also tested the Firestorm Spark Plug in burning water. Since it
creates plasma, a firestorm of electrons in the cylinder, water vapor is
immediately converted into hydrogen and oxygen, which is combined with the
incoming air and oxidized (burned).

Tags: Chronology, Components, Fundamentals by Sparky
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Over the past few months there have been many great steps forward. There are now a couple of people building replication Krupa plugs and distributing them to the other experimenters for testing.  Without even using the plasma circuit there was a reported 6% fuel efficiency increase over 1051 miles of driving.

Several people have also been testing fuel/water vaporizers. In combination with the new spark plugs we are starting to get somewhere that the large companies in the auto industry have been unable to or unwilling to pursue.

There is also a report from gmeast of massive improvements in the timing mechanism. He is actually running at 5 deg retarded …

I set the timing to 0 deg TDC and it was better and then 5 deg retarded and it feels great there. – gmeast

New PCB’s have been designed specifically for the circuit and distributed to various experimenters.

There is a new video from Ash at panacea.org outlining developments.

How ever it appears that there are now semi commercial interests in the name of Aquapulser involved in making the circuits for sale which appear to have taken a lot of their lead from all the hard work done by people at the energetic forums particularly gmeast’s defining work.

Gmeast after all his hard work on the vexus circuit switched to using the firestorm replicas and concentrating on the water vapor/geet principals. With a standard ignition and timer and beryllium-copper plugs he is seeing 40.5 mpg compared to 25mpg in his VW bug. There is also very little wear on the plugs after serious road testing which was a major problem with the vexus and standard plugs. The best he got with the Vexus was 35mpg. There is little reason to combine the vexus and the firestorm replicas together is that there is no increase in efficiency as the firestorms are capable or producing the plasma required on a standard circuit.

He was working with only water vapor and was getting the results that everyone expected.

Unfortunately due to the economic environment Greg has had to close shop and sell all his equipment in order to survive.

Tags: Chronology, Circuits, Components, Engine, Fuel, Fundamentals by Sparky
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